For Muslims living in non-Muslim countries, the decision of whether to stay or migrate back to a Muslim country is often a challenging and complex one. This article addresses common questions about living in a non-Muslim country and the related Islamic rulings, especially when it comes to practicing one’s faith openly and freely.

Can a Muslim Live in a Non-Muslim Country?

In Islam, a Muslim is permitted to live in a non-Muslim country as long as they can fulfill their religious obligations, such as prayers, fasting, and other acts of worship, without compromising their faith. The key consideration is whether they can avoid temptations and take necessary precautions prescribed in Islamic law (Shari’ah) to protect their faith.

However, if a Muslim finds that they cannot practice their religion in the country they live in, it is advisable to move to a Muslim country where they can practice their faith freely and without persecution.

The Islamic Ruling on Settling in Non-Muslim Countries

The Qur’an and Sunnah (traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him) contain clear guidance on the issue of Muslims living in non-Muslim lands. The Qur’an states:

“Verily, as for those whom the angels take (in death) while they are wronging themselves (by staying among disbelievers despite having the opportunity to emigrate), they will be asked, ‘In what (condition) were you?’ They will reply, ‘We were weak and oppressed on the earth.’ The angels will say, ‘Was not the earth of Allah spacious enough for you to emigrate therein?'” (An-Nisa: 97)

This verse suggests that it is obligatory for Muslims who cannot practice their faith freely in non-Muslim countries to migrate to Muslim lands.

The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) also said, “I disown every Muslim who settles among non-Muslims.” (Abu Dawud)

The Importance of Context: Varying Situations

While these rulings are clear, there is no one-size-fits-all answer. The situation of each Muslim is unique, and this is where the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) come into play. Muslim countries themselves vary in how well they adhere to the principles of Islam, and non-Muslim countries differ in terms of their level of moral permissiveness.

In some non-Muslim countries, Muslims may find it easier to practice their religion openly than in certain Muslim countries where religious freedoms might be restricted. As such, the decision to live in a non-Muslim country may depend on a person’s ability to practice Islam, their access to the Muslim community, and their overall safety in that environment.

The View of Islamic Scholars

Prominent scholars like Shaikh Ibn Uthaymeen and Shaikh Al-Munajjid have discussed this issue at length, emphasizing that the ruling depends on a person’s specific circumstances. If a Muslim can practice their religion freely in a non-Muslim country and avoid temptation, then it may be permissible for them to stay. However, if returning to a Muslim country would allow them to practice their faith more fully, then they should consider migrating.

Shaikh Ibn Uthaymeen stated that this issue is particularly difficult in the modern context, as Muslim countries are not all the same in their adherence to Islamic principles, and many Muslims face persecution in their home countries.

The Concept of Hijrah (Migration)

Historically, Hijrah (migration) from non-Muslim lands to Muslim lands was considered obligatory for those unable to practice Islam. This was especially true during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), when Muslims migrated from Makkah to Medina to escape persecution.

However, scholars have clarified that Hijrah is not always obligatory today. Those who are unable to migrate—such as due to illness, lack of resources, or family constraints—are not held accountable for remaining in non-Muslim lands. Similarly, for those who can practice their religion freely, migration may be encouraged but not obligatory.

Final Considerations

In conclusion, Muslims living in non-Muslim countries should assess their own ability to practice their religion and avoid temptations. If a Muslim is able to fulfill their religious duties and safeguard their faith in a non-Muslim land, it is permissible to live there. However, if the person is unable to do so, they should strive to move to a country where they can openly practice Islam.

It is important to note that each individual is responsible for their own actions, and the ruling on migration must be considered in light of personal circumstances. Muslims should seek knowledge and guidance from scholars and consider both religious and practical factors when making decisions about where to live.

Conclusion

The decision to live in a non-Muslim country or migrate to a Muslim country requires careful consideration of the ability to practice Islam freely. While the Qur’an and Sunnah emphasize the importance of religious freedom and the dangers of living in non-Muslim lands where one cannot uphold their faith, there are many factors that determine the permissibility of living in such countries. Muslims must weigh their unique circumstances and seek guidance from trusted scholars to make an informed decision.