Islamic jurisprudence encompasses a wide range of interpretations and opinions based on the teachings of the Quran and Hadith. The differences between Islamic legal schools of thought, known as madhabs, arise from the ways in which scholars interpret these texts. While this diversity of opinion may appear as a point of contention, it is important to remember that such differences are seen as a mercy from Allah, offering Muslims flexibility in their religious practices. In this article, we will explore why there are different views within the Hanafi and Shafi’i and other Islamic madhabs, particularly regarding the permissibility of dolls and pictures, as well as the broader context of these differing opinions.
The Basis of Differences: Juridical Reasoning (Ijtihad)
At the heart of these differences is the concept of ijtihad—the process by which scholars interpret religious texts to arrive at rulings. Different scholars may have distinct understandings of the same texts, and this diversity is reflected in the various schools of thought within Sunni Islam.
For example, the Hanafi madhab, one of the four major Sunni schools, is known for its strict stance on issues like photography and the depiction of images. The Hanafi scholars generally maintain that creating or keeping images, whether in the form of dolls, pictures, or other visual representations, is impermissible. This stance stems from a broader interpretation of the Hadiths that caution against images, associating them with idol worship (shirk).
On the other hand, the Shafi’i madhab holds a more lenient view on this matter. Shafi’i scholars argue that images or photographs are permissible, provided that there is no intention to idolize or revere them. They emphasize the importance of intent, suggesting that if the purpose of keeping such images is not for veneration or worship, then it does not violate Islamic principles.
A Rich Tradition of Difference of Opinion
It is important to recognize that these differences in opinion are not unique to the Hanafi and Shafi’i madhabs. In fact, disagreements have existed throughout Islamic history, even among the companions of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The famous incident of the Battle of Banu Quraizah illustrates how even the companions had different interpretations of the Prophet’s instructions, yet none of them was rebuked for their stance. This example underscores the point that differences of opinion, when rooted in scholarly reasoning, do not take a person outside the bounds of Islam.
Scholars like Imam Ash-Shafi’i have acknowledged the possibility of error in their own opinions, reflecting the humility and openness that characterizes Islamic scholarship. As he famously said: “My opinion is right and liable to be wrong, and the opinions of others are wrong and liable to be right.”
Cultural and Juridical Diversity
The differing views on dolls and pictures highlight the broader diversity within Islamic jurisprudence. Some scholars adopt a stricter approach, emphasizing adherence to the literal meaning of religious texts, while others adopt a more flexible stance that takes into account the cultural context and the intention behind actions.
In this sense, Islamic law accommodates a range of views, providing space for Muslims to follow the school of thought that resonates with them, as long as the ruling is rooted in sound Islamic reasoning. This flexibility ensures that Islam remains accessible to people across different times and cultures.
The Issue of Photography
A related issue that often generates differing opinions among scholars is photography. Some scholars prohibit photography based on the belief that it falls under the category of tasweer, or image-making, which is forbidden in certain contexts due to its association with idol worship. Others, however, argue that the term “tasweer” originally referred to the creation of statues or images for the purpose of veneration, and not to photography. As such, photography, which is often used for practical or innocuous purposes such as documentation, is not considered inherently forbidden.
Prominent scholars like Sheikh Ahmad Kutty have clarified that photography as a means of preserving memories or for educational purposes does not fall under the prohibition of tasweer. However, they caution that using photographs for idolization or hero worship can lead to problematic behavior, which may be prohibited.
Conclusion: The Value of Diverse Opinions in Islam
The differences between madhabs, especially on issues like dolls and pictures, demonstrate the diversity and flexibility within Islamic legal thought. These differences allow Muslims to follow a path that aligns with their understanding, while remaining within the bounds of Islamic teachings. Ultimately, the intention behind actions, as well as a sincere effort to adhere to the principles of Islam, is what matters most.
These varied opinions should be seen not as divisive but as part of the rich tradition of Islamic scholarship, which has always embraced diverse interpretations of the faith. Muslims are encouraged to approach these issues with understanding and tolerance, recognizing that differences of opinion are part of the broader wisdom of Islam.
By maintaining a balanced perspective on such differences, Muslims can navigate religious rulings with confidence, while also fostering unity and respect within the broader Islamic community.