In Islam, the sanctity of life and the prohibition of violence are foundational principles. These values are emphasized in the Quran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), which underscore the importance of protecting human life and dignity. The question of whether fighting in conflicts such as the Chechen war aligns with Islamic teachings has been raised by many, and the response hinges on the understanding of both self-defense and the ethical guidelines laid out in Islamic law.
The Prohibition of Unjust Violence
Islam firmly condemns any form of violence, especially that which is directed toward innocent individuals. The Quran explicitly states: “Take not life, which Allah hath made sacred, except by way of justice and law: thus does He command you, that ye may learn wisdom.” (Al-An`am: 151) Additionally, it is stated: “Nor take life, which Allah has made sacred, except for just cause…” (Al-Isra: 33). This principle applies to all individuals, regardless of their religion, race, or nationality.
One of the key aspects of Islam is the respect for the lives of others, regardless of their background. Even in times of war, Islam emphasizes that only combatants directly involved in hostilities are to be engaged, and innocent civilians must be protected. This includes not harming women, children, the elderly, or those who are not participating in the conflict.
Jihad in the Context of Self-Defense
The term “Jihad” in Islam is often misunderstood. While it is commonly associated with conflict, Jihad, in its true essence, refers to striving in the path of Allah, which can include various forms of struggle, such as seeking knowledge, working for justice, or defending one’s life, land, and faith against aggression.
In 2000, renowned Muslim scholar Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi was asked about the legal ruling regarding the Chechen conflict. He affirmed that fighting in defense of one’s land, honor, and faith against an oppressive, tyrannical force is considered Jihad. He explained that if the people of Chechnya were fighting in self-defense against a power that disregarded justice, their actions would be viewed as a legitimate defense of their rights. Those who are martyred in such a struggle are considered to have died in the path of Allah, as fighting to protect one’s home and faith is highly valued in Islam.
However, Sheikh Qaradawi also emphasized that Islam does not condone aggression or violence against innocent people. Regardless of the situation, attacking civilians, whether Muslim or non-Muslim, is a grave sin. In this context, Islam calls for a distinction between legitimate self-defense and unjust aggression.
Ethical Guidelines in Islamic Warfare
Islamic teachings provide clear guidelines on the conduct of warfare. Even in situations of armed conflict, the principles of mercy, justice, and compassion must be upheld. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized that during war, the following individuals should not be harmed: women, children, the elderly, and religious figures who do not participate in the fighting. The life and property of others must not be violated, and aggression should never be directed toward civilians.
The idea that “the ends justify the means” is incompatible with Islamic teachings. In Islam, good intentions do not justify harmful actions. Achieving positive goals cannot be done through unlawful means. This extends to every aspect of life, including warfare. If an action involves violating human rights or causing harm to innocent people, it is prohibited, regardless of the intended outcome.
Responsibility and Accountability in Islam
In Islam, each individual is responsible for their own actions. The Quran states, “No laden one shall bear another’s load” (An-Najm: 36-38). This means that no one can be held accountable for the actions of others. Aggression against innocent people, whether in the context of war or in everyday life, is strictly forbidden. The Quran makes it clear that killing an innocent person is a heinous crime, equating it to the killing of all humanity: “Whosoever kills a human being for other than man slaughter or corruption in the earth, it shall be as if he had killed all mankind…” (Al-Ma’idah: 32).
Conclusion
The ethical principles in Islam clearly outline that Jihad is not about unjustly harming others or denying their right to live peacefully. It is a means of defense against aggression and injustice. While the people of Chechnya may be defending their homes and faith, Islam prohibits aggression and violence against innocent individuals, regardless of their background. In the case of armed conflicts, it is crucial to ensure that the rights of civilians are upheld and that the principles of justice, mercy, and compassion guide every action.
Islam teaches that all forms of violence, especially against innocent people, are grave sins, and it is the duty of Muslim scholars and leaders to guide individuals toward righteousness, ensuring that their actions align with the values of justice and peace that Islam upholds.