Is it Permissible for Muslims to Live in Non-Muslim Countries?

For Muslims who have immigrated to non-Muslim countries, the question of whether it is permissible to live there while maintaining one’s Islamic identity is often raised. The answer depends on several factors, particularly the ability of the individual to maintain their faith and religious practices in a non-Muslim environment, as well as the protection of their safety and rights.

Islam permits Muslims to live in non-Muslim countries if they are able to practice their religion freely and are not subjected to injustice or oppression. The primary concern is ensuring that one’s faith is not compromised and that the individual can safeguard their religion and well-being.

The European Council for Fatwa and Research provides a nuanced view on this issue. While some have argued that Muslims should avoid living among non-Muslims, citing a hadith that suggests disownment of Muslims who live among non-believers, the Council emphasizes that such interpretations need careful consideration. The hadith in question relates to a historical situation where Muslims, by choosing to remain in a non-Muslim tribe, risked being indistinguishable from non-Muslims. In modern times, such concerns are less applicable, and the context of the hadith should be understood to focus on specific historical circumstances.

The key issue is whether the Muslim can live without compromising their Islamic identity. If a Muslim resides in a non-Muslim country where they can protect their faith, maintain their dignity, and safeguard their lives, then living there is permissible. If, however, the environment poses a threat to their religion or safety, migration to a place where they can practice Islam freely becomes necessary.

This principle is reflected in the Quranic verse from Surah An-Nisa (4:97-100), which addresses the plight of those unable to practice their faith due to oppression. It is unjust for a person to remain in such conditions if they are able to relocate to a place offering security and freedom. The verse also acknowledges that those who are weak and without means to migrate are not held accountable in the same way.

Historical examples from early Islamic history, such as the migration of early Muslims to Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), further illustrate this principle. The Muslims migrated to a non-Muslim land where they found peace and were able to practice their faith freely. This migration was endorsed by the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him), and it highlights the importance of finding a safe environment for religious practice.

When it comes to the question of whether Muslims in non-Muslim countries should return to their countries of origin, scholars like Sheikh Ahmad Kutty, a senior lecturer at the Islamic Institute of Toronto, advise against it unless the Muslim fears losing their faith. The Islamic world is not confined to any specific region, and the whole world belongs to Allah. If a Muslim can maintain their faith in a non-Muslim country, they should stay and contribute positively to society.

For those living in non-Muslim countries, it is encouraged to engage in positive outreach, sharing the message of Islam with others and embodying the values of mercy and justice inherent in the religion. This engagement fulfills the prophetic mission of spreading Islam to every corner of the world, as mentioned by the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him).

In conclusion, living in a non-Muslim country is permissible for Muslims as long as they can maintain their faith, protect their religious practices, and ensure their safety. Muslims should assess their situation and decide based on the conditions they face, with the understanding that migration may be necessary in cases where their ability to practice Islam is threatened.